Fig. 5
From: The role of MSCs and CAR-MSCs in cellular immunotherapy
Immunoregulatory effects of MSCs on dendritic cell in a contact-dependent manner or secrection of cytokines and growth factors or extracellular vesicles. MSCs mainly prevent monocyte differentiation to DCs. Notes: MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; DC: dendritic cell; IL: Interleukin; PD-L1: Programmed death-1 ligand; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; TNF-γ: tumor necrosis factor-γ; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; Th: Helper T cell; Treg: Regulatory T cell; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TSG-6: TNF-stimulated gene-6; M-CSF: Macrophage colony stimulating factor; MHCII: Major histocom-patibility complex II; IFN-α: Interferon-α