Fig. 4
From: The role of MSCs and CAR-MSCs in cellular immunotherapy
Immunoregulatory effects of MSCs on B cells in a contact-dependent manner or secrection of cytokines and growth factors or extracellular vesicles. MSCs decrease B-cell activation and proliferation and attenuate immunoglobulin production. Notes: MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; IL: Interleukin; Ig: Immune globulin; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; IDO: Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase; TNF-γ: tumor necrosis factor-γ; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; TLR3: Toll-like receptor 3; IL-1RA: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist