Fig. 3
From: The role of MSCs and CAR-MSCs in cellular immunotherapy
Immunoregulatory effects of MSCs on T cells in a contact-dependent manner or secrection of cytokines and growth factors or extracellular vesicles. MSCs inhibit the proliferation of T cells and activation of inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells. In turn, MSCs induce immunosuppressive Tregs. Notes: MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; IL: Interleukin; Breg: Regulatory B cell; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; NO: Nitric oxide; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; Th: Helper T cell; Treg: Regulatory T cell; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; TLR3: Toll-like receptor 3; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; FasL: Fas ligand; CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IDO: Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; CD: Cluster of differentiation