Fig. 2
From: The role of MSCs and CAR-MSCs in cellular immunotherapy
The role of MSCs rescue and/or repair tissues and injured cells by diverse mechanisms. A Differentiation into replacement cell types. B Rescue of damaged or dying cells through cell fusion. C Secretion of paracrine factors. D Transfer of organelles and/or molecules through tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). E MSC-mediated transfer of proteins/peptides, RNA, hormones, and/or chemicals by extracellular vesicles Notes: MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells; VEGF-α: Vascular endothelial growth factor-α; ANG1: angiopoietin-1; PDGF-β: Platelet-derived growth factor-β; IL-11: Interleukin-11; TSG-6: TNF-stimulated gene-6; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; SDF-1: Stromal-derived factor-1; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1