Fig. 1
From: The role of MSCs and CAR-MSCs in cellular immunotherapy
The origin of mesenchymal stem cell and its role. MSCs can come from bone marrow, placenta, umbilical cord, umbilical cord blood, adipose tissue, dental pulp, synovial fluid, amniotic fluid and induced pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells. MSCs can differentiate into adipocyte, osteoblast, chondrocyte, and myocytes depending on their origins. The MSCs can also produce many growth factors and cytokines that regulate the immune responses, anti-inflammation, aid healing, alter host enhancing responses and serve as mature functional cells in tissue repair. The MSCs can also produce and release the microvesicles and exosomes encapsulate cytokines/growth factors/RNAs/miRNAs that have very similar function of MSCs. Notes: MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; G-CSF: Granulocyte colony stimulating factor; IDO: indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; LL-37: Leucine leucine-37; M-CSF: Granulocyte colony stimulating factor; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; SDF-1: Stromal-derived factor-1; TPO: Thrombopoietin; TSG-6: Tumor necrosis factor inducible protein 6; TNF-stimulated gene-6; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; GM-CSF: Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1; KGF: Keratinocyte growth factor; LIF: Leukemia inhibitory factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; SCF: Stem cell factor; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-βV; EGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IL: Interleukin; IL-1RA: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist