Fig. 4
From: Physiological and pathological consequences of exosomes at the blood–brain-barrier interface
Effect of inflamed EC Exos on THP-1 monocytes A-C. Human aortic ECs were incubated with Near-Infrared BF2-azadipyrromethene (NIR-AZA) dye (red). Nuclei were stained with DAPI A. THP-1 monocytes were incubated with Exos isolated from normal and inflamed ECs inside the ibidi chambers and imaged every 5 min over 16 h [time-lapse across 300 min] B [top panel: Cy5 channel, bottom panel: DIC channel]. At time 0, no detectable fluorescence signals can be achieved indicating the lack of interaction between Exos and monocytes (arrowheads). The intensity of fluorescence signals reached the maximum levels after 300 min. The existing materials inside the cells indicate the successful uptake of Exos (arrow). Real-time PCR analysis C. The direct exposure of monocytes to Staphylococcus aureus did not yield statistically significant differences in terms of miR-99a/b. The incubation of monocytes with normal Exos up-regulated the expression of miR-99a as compared to the non-treated monocytes. Inflamed Exos isolated from ECs contributed to the higher levels of miR-99a and miR-99b in monocytes. These data indicate the uptake of introduced Exos by monocytes (n = 3); One-Way ANOVA; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; NS: not significant. Reprinted with permission [82], Copyright 2022. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology