Table 1 Impact of viral infection in HSCs
Viral infection | viral infection effect on HSCs | Ref |
|---|---|---|
VSV | Long-term HSCs show increased expression of the IL-10 receptor after infection with VSV. The anti-inflammatory cytokine human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF; also known as IL-10) may reduce immunopathology while simultaneously boosting HSC self-renewal | [46] |
MCMV | It was shown that the BM expressed MCMV-specific IL-12(p40), IL-10, CCL-2, -3, and -4. Consequently, even in the absence of an effective IFNAR route, these mediators may confer long-term-HSCs function by direct activation or indirectly through immune cell attraction and immigration | [46] |
HIV | When the TCR gene is delivered into HSCs via a Lentiviral vector, the HSCs differentiate into a large number of CD8 + T cells with the ability to recognize and kill HIV antigen cells | [81] |
CRISPR/ Cas9 gene editing methods are used in human CD34 HSPCs and attained effective CCR5 ablation for the treatment of HIV infection | [83] | |
T cells derived from transduced HPSC may be inhibited in their ability to proliferate HIV by using RevM10 | EVE | |
EVD | The NSG-A2 mice, which were genetically modified to include human HSCs, generated the essential cell components for a fully functional adaptive human immune response. These mice exhibited pathogenesis typical of Ebola virus infection, including viremia, cell and organ destruction, and a high degree of time sensitivity | [47] |
LCM | The loss of HPSCs and HSCs, as measured by phenotypic, is one of the most significant negative changes in the BM stroma. Additionally, LCMV infection has a long-lasting effect on the surviving HSCs, impairing their capacity to displace other cells | [48] |
SARS-CoV-2 | Evidence suggested that Ang II was responsible for controlling CD115 in HSCs. Reducing the deleterious impact induced by Ang II has on SARS-CoV-2 infection | [75] |
Pathological stimuli of the Nlrp3 inflammasome could produce cytokine storm and pyroptosis in HSCs, and the SARS-CoV-2 may infect a pool of HSPCs independently and directly | ||
Infected cells generated by planting SARS-CoV-2 in rat kidney cells and Vero cells showed a decline in infection after 24 to 72 h, regardless of the initial infection dose | [65] | |
HSCs and myeloid progenitors may be stimulated by β-glucan | [66] |