Table 2 The list of chemotherapeutic agents and their target proteins or pathways in GBM
Types | Drug | Targeted proteins or pathway | Main mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|
Inhibit cytoprotective autophagy | Regorafenib [175] | PAST1, AMPα, RAB11A | Inhibit the autophagosome-lysosome fusion |
Pimozide and Loperamide [181] | ATG5, ATG7, Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) | Lead to the lysosomal membrane permeabilization | |
Lysosomotropic agent: Lys05 [182] | LC3-II, P62 | Lead to the lysosomal membrane permeabilization | |
Platycodin D (PD) [186] | LC3-II, P62, LDLR, cathepsine B (CTSB) | Prevent the autophagosome-lysosome fusion and inhibit the function of lysosomes | |
Simvastatin and TMZ [187] | eIF2α, PERK | By triggering U.P.R. to induce eIF2α phosphorylation, thereby activating ATF4 transports into the nucleus and inhibits the transcription of related autophagy target genes | |
3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) [185] | ATG5, P62, LC3-II, ERK, P53 | Improve the abnormal metabolism in GBM through ERK-mTOR and P53-mTOR to inhibit autophagy | |
Induce cytotoxic autophagy | Hh pathway, Beclin1 | Inhibit Hh pathway, upregulate Beclin1, and enhance the ROS level | |
Lactucopicrin [188] | p-AKT, p-ERK, CDK2, P53, P21 | Decrease the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, activate autophagy and induce G2/M cycle arrest | |
Nanomicellar-Curcumin [189] | Beclin1, LC3-II, Wnt pathway | Upregulate autophagy-related genes and downregulate Wnt pathway |