Drugs/vaccines & companies | Targets | Structures | Advantages | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inactivated and protein subunit vaccines | ||||
 Sinopharm  CanSinoBIO  Sinovac  AstraZeneca  Sputnik V | • Spike protein | • A virus that has been chemically inactivated after being grown in a culture | • 86% effectivity of Sinopharm | |
Nucleic acid vaccines | ||||
 DNA vaccines | ||||
  LineaRx   Takis Biotech   ZyCoV-D vaccine | • Enhance the induction of T cells • Different forms of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein are encoded by this gene • The response was mediated by type I helper T cells (Th1) rather than type II helper T cells (Th2) | • Viral genetic sequence-based and S protein genetic sequence-based) | • The safety and efficacy • Humoral and cellular immunity | |
 Vector vaccines | ||||
  Houston-based Greffex Inc   Adenovirus Type 5 Vector   ChAdOx1 nCoV-19   Adeno-based (rAd26-S + rAd5-S)   Ad26COVS1   Johnson & Johnson   AstraZeneca | • Engineered viruses incapable of replication | • An adenovirus vector or other vector for the construction of SARS-CoV-2 | • Elicits the innate immune responses that are necessary for adaptive immune responses • Effective in avoiding hospitalization and death caused by COVID-19 | |
 mRNA vaccines | ||||
  Moderna   Pfizer   BioNTech   German biopharmaceutical   ZY Therapeutics   CanSino   CureVac AG   Stermirna Therapeutics   Guanhao Biotech Therapeutics   BDGENE | • SARS-CoV-2 S protein and RBD domain | • Lipid nanoparticles | • 90% effectiveness against the clinical disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, with very few side effects • The rapidity of vaccine production • Ability to produce responses to TH1 and TH2 • Vaccines for children and common SARS-CoV-2 variants that are approved | |
 Subunit vaccines | ||||
  Novavax   Johnson & Johnson   Chongqing Zhifei   Sanofi Pasteur/GSK | • Viral proteins are injected into the host | • Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 in its entirety glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted | • The best alternative is vaccines with adjuvanted subunits | |
 Virus-like particles vaccines | ||||
  Medicago Inc | • Proteins from the viral capsid • Induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 | • VLP is derived from plants and adjuvanted with Dynavax or GSK adjuvants • VLP vaccines are recombinant genetically modified viruses that are generally thought to be safe because they fail to replicate • Whole S protein | • Immunogenicity and safety advantages | |
Drugs | ||||
 Arbidol (umifenovir) | • Targets ACE2 protein and S protein interaction causes the viral envelope's membrane fusion to be prevented • Reduce the SARS virus's envelope's fusion | • Advantages against SARS-CoV-2 | ||
 Camostat | • TMPRSS2 inhibitor of the host serine protease | • Advantages against SARS-CoV-2 | ||
 Hydroxychloroquine | • Acts on the spike glycoprotein-ganglioside receptor and its interaction with the ACE2 receptor • Reduced endosome acidification and attenuation of host receptor glycosylation, proteolytic processing, cytokine production, lysosomal activity, autophagy, and endocytic pathways • Enhances intracellular pH, eventually affects cathepsins, inhibits antigen-presenting cells (APCs), autophagosomal functions, MAP kinase, and autophagosomal functions • Structural damage to SARS-CoV-2's spike proteins | • Anti-inflammatory effect on IL-17, IL-122, and IL-6 cytokines | ||
 Remdesivir | • Use RdRp to stop translation and replication processes • Inhibits NSP12 in other coronaviruses | • As evidenced by the low polymerase activity in host cells during the Ebola virus outbreak • Undergoing in patients with mild, moderate, and severe SARS-CoV-2 |