Fig. 3
From: Recent advances and future challenges of tumor vaccination therapy for recurrent glioblastoma
Available modalities and targets of immunotherapy for glioma/glioblastoma. Cell therapy mainly involves CAR-T and TCR-T therapy. As for cell therapy, the glioma-specific and glioma-associated targets for CAR-T therapy includes EGFR VIII (NCT01454596, NCT02664363, NCT02209376, NCT03283631) and IL-13Rα2 (NCT02208362), Her2 (NCT03500991), GD2 (NCT04196413), EphA2, B7-H3 (NCT05241392, NCT04077866), (NCT05241392, NCT05366179); the glioma-specific and glioma-associated targets include H3K27M (NCT04808245), CICR215W, IDH1R132H (NCT02454634) and NLGN4X, PTPRZ1. Tumor vaccines mainly include DC vaccine, DNA/RNA vaccine, neoantigens and peptide targets. As for vaccines immunotherapy, DC vaccine includes DCvax-L (NCT00045968) and ICT-107 (NCT00045968); DNA/RNA vaccine include VEGFR2-VXMO1 (NCT02410733, NCT03750071); neoantigen as peptide targets includes IDH1R132H-IDH-vac (NCT03343197, NCT04056910, NCT02073994, NCT04195555), H3K27M-H3-vac (NCT04943848, NCT04749641, NCT04808245), EGFR VIII-CDX-110 (NCT02573324, NCT01520870, NCT01480479, NCT01498328), multi-peptide targets include APVAC1/2 (GAPVAC) (NCT03422094, NCT02287428), IMA950, NeoVax (NCT03422094). The combined therapy indicates the combination of two or more lines of immunotherapy (including checkpoint inhibitors) as well as small molecule mutant IDH inhibitors. Briefly, there are mIDH inhibitors (mIDHi) + IDH-vac (NCT03750071), AHRi + anti-PD-L1 (NCT03893903), VXM01 + anti-PD-L1, IDH1vac + anti-PD-L1, H3-vac + anti-PD-1 (NCT02960230), H3-vac + anti-PD-L1 (NCT02960230), vorasidenib/ivosidenib/BAY1436032 (NCT02481154, NCT02746081, NCT03030066, NCT03343197, NCT04164901). CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; TCR, T cell receptor-T; DCs, dendritic cells; PD-1, programmed cell death 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1