Fig. 1

T2DM resulted in cognition impairment and aggravated AD-like pathology in mice, which was related to the dynamic change of ALP function. Typical swimming traces of training days during the hidden platform test (A), the starting point was marked by the green square while the ending point was marked by the red square; the escape latency time of visual platform experiment, which showed that there was no obvious movement and visual disturbance in mice of each group (B); the escape latency time was analyzed during the hidden platform test (C); the latency of first arrival to targeted platform in probe trials (D), time spent in the targeted platform quadrant during the probe trials (E), the number of crossing targeted platform during the probe trials (F) was analyzed; n = 7–10. APP, Aβ42, p-Tau and Tau were measured via western blotting in the hippocampus of mice (G); LC3, p62, LAMP1, CTSB and CTSD were measured via western blotting in the hippocampus of mice (H); GAPDH was used as the loading control, n = 6. Results of CTSB activity of the mice, the activity of CTSB was expressed as fluorescent units/ug protein (I), n = 3. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001