Table 1 Some PC components adsorbed around Exo

Albumin

Connected to RNA/DNA residues on the Exo

Aggregation, phagocytosis of Exo

[75, 76]

Complement factors 3

Interaction with CD63 on the Exo surface

 Increases robust phagocytic activities

 Triggers secondary inflammatory reactions

[14]

Apolipoprotein A1

Interaction with CD63 on the Exo surface

Phagocytosis

[14]

Apolipoprotein B

Interaction with CD63 on the Exo surface

 Increases robust phagocytic activities

 Triggers secondary inflammatory reactions

[14]

Apolipoprotein C3

Interaction with CD63 on the Exo surface

 Short-time biodistribution and reduction of transit time

 Phagocytosis of Exo

[14]

E, α component of fibrinogen

Protein–protein interactions

 Short-time biodistribution and reduction of transit time

 Protein and Exo aggregation

[14]

immunoglobulin heavy chains of (γ2 and γ4)

Protein–protein interactions

 Short-time biodistribution and reduction of transit time

[14]

Complement proteins C3b and C3ib

Protein–protein interactions

 Prolonged chronic inflammatory conditions

[89]

ApoE and ApoB100

Protein–protein interactions

 Increase the transfer rate into the peripheral tissues

[97, 98]

S100-A8, LDL-receptor, CD14, HLA class I

Phosphatidylserine and tissue factor on the Exo surface

 Dynamic activity

[102, 103]

VII, IX, X/prothrombin,

Tendency to tissue factors

Contribute to thromboembolic complications

[133]

Mismatched MHC-I and II

On the surface of Exo

T cell-related immune responses

[112]