Fig. 5

Artemisinin derivatives induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-mediated cell death: A representative flow cytometry analysis of Theileria infected cells with or without treatment. Induced cell death was determined 24 h and 48 h after treatment with ARS + BPQ and DHART + BPQ compared to BPQ treated cells (Control) by Annexin V/PI based flow cytometry analysis. B The graph shows the percentage of apoptosis and necrosis in the T. annulata infected cells after 48 h of treatment with different compounds. C The graph shows the percentage of apoptotic cells after treatment with various concentrations of compounds based on the FACS (Annexin V/PI) analysis. Staurosporine (known apoptosis inducer) treated sample was used as a positive control. D The graph shows the percentage of apoptotic cells after treatment with different compounds based on the FACS (Annexin V/PI) analysis at different time intervals. BPQ-treated sample was used as a positive control. E Representative flow cytometry analysis to determine the cell cycle distribution of Theileriainfected cells after 12 and 24 h of treatment with compounds based on the PI staining. F The graph shows the percentage of G2-M population cells after 12 and 24 h of treatment with compounds based on the FACS (PI) analysis. The error bars reflect mean plus/minus standard deviations. G The graph shows the percentage of sub-G1 population cells after 12 and 24 h treatment with compounds based on the FACS (PI) analysis. BPQ-treated sample was used as a positive control. The error bars reflect mean and standard deviations. The comparisons were performed between the treated samples with the control sample for the same time points (12 h vs 12 h and 24 h vs 24 h). For multiple comparisons, 2-way ANOVA was performed. For 5F—single *(P value = 0.0301), ****(P value < 0.0001) [Sidak's multiple comparisons test]. while ns represents nonsignificant results with a P value > 0.05. For 5G—single *(P ≤ 0.05), **(P ≤ 0.01), ****(P < 0.0001) [Dunnett's multiple comparisons test]. while ns represents nonsignificant results with a P value > 0.05