Fig. 1

A schematic view of the combination therapy of melatonin and 5-FU in regulating the signaling pathways of cancer cells. The combination therapy of melatonin and 5-FU can lead to effects such as induction of apoptosis, increasing the sensitivity of cells to 5-FU and inhibition of cell growth through different signaling pathways. Red blocked-end arrow illustrate inhibition and black arrow show stimulation and/or activation. Blue down arrow: decrease, blue up arrow: increase. Abbreviations: ROS, Reactive oxygen species; XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein; GSK3β, Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; NF-κB, Nuclear factor κB; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Oct4, Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 TYMS, Thymidylate synthetase