Fig. 1

Isolation, proliferation, and migration of astrocytes. A Mixed glial cells from the brain cortex. Scale bar = 10 μm. B Microglia collection after mechanical shaking. Scale bar = 10 μm. C Reserved astrocytes on the bottom. D Identification of microglia and astrocyte by IBA-1 and GFAP immunofluorescent staining. Scale bar = 200 μm. Percentage of IBA-1 and GFAP positive cells in microglia (E) and astrocyte (F). G Proliferation assay on astrocytes after culture with LPS-activated DMEM or IL-4-activated DMEM for 3 days. H Representative images of vertical migration by the Transwell experiment after treatment. Scale bar = 10 μm. I Quantification of (H): migration rate. J Representative images of horizontal migration by the scratch wound assay. Scale bar = 10 μm. K Quantification of (J): number of migrating cells. Error bars show means ± SD (n = 3 in each group). **p < 0.01, ^##p < 0.01 compared to control group