From: Resistin-like molecules: a marker, mediator and therapeutic target for multiple diseases
RELMs | Cell type | Animal type | Stimulator | Signaling pathways | Effector molecules | Effect | Diseases | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RELMβ | Human PASMCs | SD rats | NA | PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and PKC/MAPK pathway | Ca2+↑, p-PI3K↑, p-Akt↑, p-mTOR↑, p-PKC↑ and p-MAPK↑ | PASMCs proliferation | PH | |
RELMβ | Human PASMCs | NA | NA | KCNK3 pathway | KCNK3↓and p-STAT3↑ | PASMCs proliferation | PH | [58] |
RELMβ | Human PASMCs | NA | NA | FAK-survivin pathway | FAK↑ and survivin↑ | PASMCs proliferation | PH | [59] |
RELMβ | Human BECs | NA | NA | ERK1/2 pathway and PI3K/Akt pathway | p-ERK1/2↑, p-PI3K↑, p-Akt↑, TGF-β2↑, EGF↑, VEGF↑ and MUC5AC↑ | BECs proliferation and airway remodelling | Asthma | [60] |
RELMβ | Human lung fibroblasts | RELMβ−/− C57BL/6 mice | NA | NA | TGF-β1↑, TGF-β2↑, collagen I↑, fibronectin↑, α-SMA↑, laminin α1↑, Hapl1↑ and p-ERK1/2↑ | Proliferation of human lung fibroblasts and airway remodelling | Asthma | [61] |
RELMβ | NIH/3T3 cell line and human lung fibroblasts | Mice deficient in STAT6 or IL-4 and IL-13 in the BALB/c background | OVA and Aspergillus fumigatus | IL-13 pathway and STAT6 pathway | IL-4↑, IL-13↑ and STAT6↑ | Airway inflammation and lung remodeling | Asthma | [79] |
RELMβ | NA | RELMβ−/− C57BL/6 mice | Aspergillus fumigatus | NA | TNFα↓, VEGF↓, IFNγ↓ and IL-13↓ | Preventing inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, subepithelial fibrosis and airway resistance | Asthma | [81] |
RELMβ | Human UVECs and human PAECs | NA | NA | TGF-β1/SMAD2/3/4 pathway | TGF-β1↑ and SMAD2/3/4↑ | EndMT, proliferation and migration of human UVECs and human PAECs | Pulmonary fibrosis | [31] |
RELMβ | Rat AECs, human airway epithelial cells and mouse lung fibroblast | RELMβ KO mice | BLM | STAT6 pathway and ERK pathway | Collagen type I↑ and α-SMA↑ | Stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, promotion of myofibroblast differentiation, and the recruitment of BMD cells to the lung | Pulmonary fibrosis | [86] |
RELMβ | Macrophage and CD4+ T cells | RELMβ−/− mice | Trichuris muris | NA | TNF-α↑, IL-6↑, IL-12/23p40↑ and IFN-γ↑ | Intestinal inflammation | Intestinal inflammation | [51] |
RELMβ | NA | RELMβ−/− mice | DSS | NA | NA | Colitis | Colitis | |
RELMβ | NA | Muc2−/−/RELMβ−/− C57BL/6 mice | NA | NA | RegIIIβ↑ | Colitis and antibacterial | Colitis | [49] |
RELMβ | NA | RELMβ−/− C57BL/6 mice | C. rodentium | NA | IL-22↑ | IECs proliferation and limiting the intestinal damage | Colitis | [63] |
RELMβ | BMD macrophage of mice | SAMP1/YitFc mice | NA | NA | TNF-α↑, IL-6↑ and CCL5↑ | Ileitis | Ileitis | [50] |
RELMβ | Human colon cancer cells | C57BL/6 J mice | Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid | PKC pathway and tyrosine kinases pathway | p-ERK1/2↑, MUC2↑ and M1/MUC5AC↑ | Maintaining the mucosal defense barrier | Colitis | [70] |
RELMβ | NA | IL-33–deficient C57BL/6 mice | N. brasiliensis | NA | IL-13↑ and IL-33↑ | Recruiting eosinophils and eliminating parasite | Hookworm Infection | [94] |
RELMβ | Human colon cancer cells | IL-4–/– mice and IL-4Rα–/– mice | Trichuris spiralis, N. brasiliensis, Trichinella muris and Strongyloides stercoralis | NA | IL-13↑ | Inhibiting nematode chemotaxis | GI nematode infection | [95] |
RELMβ | Human colon cancer cells | NA | S. aureus | NA | NA | Destroying the bacterial cytoplasm | S. aureus infection | [97] |
RELMβ | Hepatocyteof mice | RELMβ transgenic C57BL/6 mice | High fat | MAPKs pathways | IRS-1↓, IRS-2↓, p-ERK1/2↑, p-p38 MAPK↑ and p-JNK↑ | Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, pancreatic islet enlargement and hepatic insulin resistance | Diabetes | [65] |
RELMβ | NA | Wistar rats, C57BL/6 J mice | Glucose | PKC βII pathway and AMPK pathway | SGLT-1↓, GLUT2↑, PKC βII↑ and p-AMPK↑ | Promotion of intestinal glucose absorption | Diabetes | [67] |
RELMβ | Human aortic VSMCs | NA | High glucose | ERK1/2 pathway and p38 MAPK pathway | α-SMA↓, SM-MHC↓, calponin↓, OPN↑, p-ERK1/2↑ and p-p38 MAPK↑ | VSMCs proliferation | Atherosclerosis | [62] |
RELMβ | Macrophag from mice | RELMβ−/− ApoE−/− mice and RELMβ−/− LDLR−/− mice | High cholesterol | NA | VLDLR↑, SR-A1↑ ABCA1↑, ABCG1↓, TNFα↑, IL-1β↑, IL-6↑ and p-NF-κB↑ | Formation of macrophage derived foam cell and inflammation | Atherosclerosis | [103] |
RELMβ | Gastric carcinoma cells and normal gastric mucosa epithelial cells | NA | NA | NA | N-cadherin↑, Snail↑, Vimentin↑ and E-cadherin↓ | Invasion and migration of gastric carcinoma cells | Gastric carcinoma | [110] |
RELMβ | Macrophages of mice | RELMβ-KO mice | MCD and LPS | TLR4 pathway | TLR4↑, TNF-α↑, IL-1β↑ and IL-6↑ | Lipid accumulation, inflammation and liver fibrosis | NASH | [120] |