Table 2 MSC-EXOs as miRNAs delivery system in Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Diseases

BM-MSC-EXOs

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)

miR-146a (EXO-146a)

Intravenously injected via a tail vein

BM-MSCs-EXOs as biologic carriers of miR-146a can efficiently intercede and improve the curative action of MSCs in diabetic mice

[136]

HAD-MSC-EXOs

Diabetic wound

miR-21-5p

Injected intraperitoneally (i.p.)

This method improves the production and migration of keratinocytes by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vitro and speeds up diabetic wound recovery via enhancing re-epithelialization, collagen repair, angiogenesis, and vessel maturation in vivo

[172]

BM-MSC-EXOs

Autoimmune hepatitis

miR-223-3p

Injected intraperitoneally (i.p.)

BM-MSC-EXOs was effectively loaded with miR-223-3p and transported miR-223-3p into macrophages. Furthermore, there was the absence of side effects of EXOs on the macrophages

[135]

BM-MSC-EXOs

Alzheimer’s disease

miR-146a

Intracerebroventricular injection

Researchers showed that BM-MSCs ameliorate cognitive disorder in an Alzheimer’s disease model by enhancing the expression of microRNA-146a in a part of the limbic lobe

[139]

HUC-MSC-EXOs

Alzheimer’s disease

miR-223

–

HUC-MSC-EXOs miR-223 preserved neuronal cells from apoptosis via the PTEN-PI3K/Akt pathway and offered a powerful curative method for Alzheimer’s disease

[173]

AD-MSC-EXOs

Parkinson's disease

miR-188-3p

Injected intraperitoneally (i.p.)

AD-MSCs-EXOs to deliver miR-188-3p for therapy inhibited autophagy and pyroptosis while enhancing proliferation by binding to CDK5 and NLRP3 in mice and MN9D cells

[140]

synovial MSC-EXOs

Degenerative arthritis

miR-140-5p

Intra-articular injection

This method increased the proliferation and migration of articular chondrocytes without harming extracellular matrix release in vitro. In contrast, in vivo, SMSC-EXOs miR-140-5p effectively inhibited osteoarthritis in an animal model

[174]