Common mechanisms underlying diabetic vascular complications: focus on the interaction of metabolic disorders, immuno-inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction

Table 1 Potential preventive intervention for DVCs from experimental data

Disease	Potential preventive intervention from experimental data	References
DKD	Natural products (quercetin, fisetin, triptolide, sappanone A, ginkgo biloba leaf extract, lespedeza bicolor, silymarin and milk thistle extract) Herbal prescription (TangShen WeiNing formula, Ayurvedic formula) Metabolites (butyrate, polysulfides, thiamine) SGLT2 inhibitors, calcium dobesilate, spironolactone, irbesartan	[194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207]
DR	Natural products (pterostilbene, puerarin Herbal prescription (Yiqi Tongluo Fang, Ayurvedic formula) Montelukast	[208,209,210,211,212]
DC	Metabolites (zinc supplementation) trimetazidine, telmisartan and thiorphan combination treatment, SGLT2 inhibitors, CaMKII inhibitors, FGF1^ΔHBS treatment	[213,214,215,216,217,218]

DKD diabetic kidney disease; DR diabetic retinopathy; DCM diabetic cardiomyopathy; DVCs diabetic vascular complications

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