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Fig. 1 | Cell Communication and Signaling

Fig. 1

From: Common mechanisms underlying diabetic vascular complications: focus on the interaction of metabolic disorders, immuno-inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction

Fig. 1

Four main regulatory mechanisms of vascular endothelial homeostasis. Mechanisms required for endothelial homeostasis regulation include cell barrier and repair homeostasis, vascular and blood flow regulation homeostasis, redox homeostasis and metabolism homeostasis; cell barrier and repair involves cell-to-cell junction, communications and relative pathways; vascular and blood flow regulation homeostasis involves blood flow sensor and control, as well as angiogenesis; redox homeostasis involves intracellular and extracellular reduction–oxidation reaction associated with inflammation; metabolism homeostasis involves mitochondria balance, energy conversion, metabolite and ion exchange. eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FFA: free fatty acid; NO: nitric oxide; NOX: NADPH oxidase; NRP1: neuropilin-1; OS: oscillatory shear; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; PKC: protein kinase C; PS: Pulsatile shear; ROS: reactive oxygen species; YAP: Yes-Associated Protein; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR2: VEGF receptor 2

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Cell Communication and Signaling

ISSN: 1478-811X