How vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching contributes to vascular disease

Table 2 Macrophages versus macrophage-like VSMCs

	Macrophages	Macrophage-like VSMCs	Reference (PMID)
Origin	Myeloid monocytes	Dedifferentiated VSMCs
Phagocytosis	Yes	Yes	26892967
Cholesterol efflux	Yes	Yes	24481950
Antigen presenting	Yes	Unclear	30928403
Cytokines secretion	M1: IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 M2: IL-1RA, IL-10, CCL2, CCL7, CCL17, CCL18, CCL23	TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, CCL2, CCL7	25070003 24481950
Markers	M1: CD14, CD68, CD80, CD86 M2: CD14, CD68, CD206, CD163	CD68, MAC-2 (LGALS3) ACTA2, MYH11	25070003
Transcription factors	STAT family PPARγ C/EBP family IRF family	KLF4	22025054
Location	Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventita Fibrous cap Necrotic core	Tunica media Tunica intima Fibrous cap Necrotic core	25070003 24481950 32895539 24685316

STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein; IRF, interferon regulatory factors; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; IL, interleukin; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; CCL, C–C motif chemokine ligand; M1: classically activated macrophages; M2: alternatively activated macrophages

ISSN: 1478-811X