Table 1 Clinical approaches in using stem cells in different disorders

Multiple sclerosis

ESCs

In vivo

Cell injection

Promote remyelination

[134]

Ischemic reperfusion injury

IPSCs

In vivo

Intramyocardial (48 h after reperfusion)

Promote angiogenesis Ameliorate apoptosis and hypertrophy. No effect of infarct size

[135]

Acute myocardial infarction

IPSCs

In vitro

–

Restore post-ischemic contractile performance, ventricular wall thickness, and electrical stability

[136]

Myocardial infarction

IPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes

In vivo

Intramyocardial, cell injection

Improve cardiac function

[137]

Diabetes mellitus

Mouse skin-derived IPSCs

In vivo

Cell injection

IPSCs differentiate into β-like cells, and these could secrete insulin in response to glucose and correct a hyperglycaemic phenotype

[138]

Parkinson’s disease

IPSCs

In vivo

Cell transplantation

After the transplantation, the cells differentiate into glia and including glutamatergic, GABAergic, and catecholaminergic subtypes. IPSCs were induced to differentiate into dopamine neurons of midbrain character and could improve behavior

[139]

Stroke

BMSCs

In vivo

Intravenous

Enhance rotarod and adhesive removal

[140]

Crohn’s disease

Adipose-derived-MSCs

In vitro

–

Impair T helper type-1 cell activation and expansion of CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box (FOX) P3+ T-regulatory cells that suppress T-helper type 1 effector responses

[141]

Asthma

Human MSCs

In vitro

–

MSCs can suppress proliferation and effector function of CD4+ Th2 cells, Immunoglobulin-E (IgE) production in plasma cells, and IgE-dependent activation of mast cells

[142]

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Mouse MSCs

In vivo

Tail vein injection

It can suppress Th17. Also, MSCs increase CD4, CD25, FoxP3, and Tregs

[143]

Lung injury

Mouse MSCs

In vivo

Jugular Vein injection

MSCs support TNF-α oscillation and they alienate the IL-1a function

[144]

Parkinson diseases

Rat MSCs

In vivo

Intranasal injection

In Parkinson's disease, MSCs reduce inflammatory cytokine secretion

[145]

Liver fibrosis

Mouse MSCs

In vivo

Tail vein injection

The secretion of MMP-9 and MMP-14 went up. Also, it reduced TGF-β1

[146]

Myocardial infarction

Human MSCs

In vivo

Transendocardial injection to pig

They triggered endogenous cardiac stem cells

[147]

Skin wound

Human MSCs

In vivo

Tail vein injection to mouse

MSCs compress Th17 cells and enhance the expression of IL-10

[148]

Corneal abrasion

Mouse MSCs

In vivo

Intravenous and intraperitoneal

MSCs support the production of TSG-6 that is a type of anti-inflammatory protein

[149]

Rheumatoid arthritis

Human MSCs

In vivo

Intraperitoneal injection to mouse

MSCs can go down the cell effusion of Th1 and Th17,

[141]

Graft-versus-host disease

Mouse MSCs

In vivo

Intravenous

MSCs reduce TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12 which are a type of inflammatory cytokines

[150]

Acute lung injury

Mouse MSCs

In vivo

Intravenous

MSCs hinder Th2-moderated allergic airway inflammation

[151]