Fig. 3

Schematic of eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma immunopathology. In eosinophilic asthma, type 2 T helper cells secrete T cell-derived cytokines (TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33), which results in the recruiting of eosinophils. TSLP stimulates local dendritic cells, Activation of dendritic cells leads to the differentiation of lymphoblast toward type 2 T helper cells via presenting antigens to type 1 T helper cells. Type 2 T helper and B cells activation contribute to the production of IL-4, -5, and-13. B cells produce a large content of IgE, finally leading to mast cell activation. On the other hand, in non-eosinophilic asthma, the release of IL‐1β, -6, -8, -17, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α by type 1 and 17 T helper cells cause neutrophils recruited into the pulmonary niche. Th T helper cells (0, 1, 2, and 17), TSLP Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL interleukin