Table 2 Specific mechanisms and target effectors involved in the ConA-mediated- apoptotic or autophagic cell death, hepatitis, fibroblast activation, and angiogenesis (in vivo studies)
Experimental model(s) | ConA concentration | Target(s) | The specific mechanism(s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
C57BL/6 mice | 20 mg/kg | ALT, AST, IL-12, IFN-γ, P62 | Increase the maturation of BMDCs by aberrant regulation of autophagy, thereby augmenting cytokine secretion | [33] |
Balb/C mice. mice PBMC | 10 mg/kg, 10 µg/ml | TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, NF-κB | Increase inflammatory cytokines by TLR-2 stimulation | [37] |
Breast carcinoma MCF-7 bearing nude mice | 40 mg/kg | Caspase 9 and 3, Cyto.c, Bax, Bid, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, NF-κB, ERK, JNK, p53, p21, CDK-1/2 | Inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis | [44] |
Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) and BALB/c mice | 7.7–20 mg/kg | Beclin-1, ATG5, LC3-I/II, BNIP3, Akt, COX-4 | Inducing BNIP3-mediated autophagy | [48] |
Hind-limb ischaemic mice | 10Â mg/kg | Akt, ERK, p21, p27, p38, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E | Promoting angiogenesis through Akt/ERK/Cyclin D1 axis | [55] |
C57BL/6 mice | 10–15 mg/kg | IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2/6/10 | Elevating tolerogenic state mediated by IL-10, Treg, and Kupffer cells | [66] |
C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ mice | 10–22 µg/g | JAKs, STATs, SOCSs, p21, p53, Casp-3, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL | Inducing hepatitis via activating STAT3 signaling | [67] |
BALB/c mice | 0.05 mg/200 µL PBS | ALT, AST, IFN-γ | Inducing hepatitis by activating NK, NKT, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | [68] |
BALB/c mice | 0.5 µg/0.5 ml PBS | TNF-α, IL-4/10 | Alleviation of liver injury by stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokines | [69] |
BALB/c mice | 10–20 mg/kg | IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4/6/10/12, STAT-1/3, p65 | CD24 aggravates ConA-induced liver injury | [72] |
C57BL/6 (B6) mice | 25 and 37.5 mg/kg | IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, FasL | Va14 NKT Cells develop ConA-induced hepatitis through IL-4 production | [73] |
C57BL/6 mice | 3 and 15 µg/g | IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2/4/6/10/12 | Differential effect of low and high dose ConA on cytokine profile | [74] |
BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice | 12 and 15Â mg/kg | STAT4, IL-12A/12B, FasL | Inducing STAT4 activation in inflammatory cells contributes to liver injury alleviation | [75] |
C57/BL6 mice | 10 and 12 µg/g | ALT, AST, IL-22, IL-22R, STAT-1/3, ERK-1/2 | Stimulating IL-22 contributes to hepatocyte survival by STAT3 activation | [77] |
BALB/c mice | 10 and 20 mg/kg | IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4/10 | ConA treatment prevents hepatitis by inducing Tregs | [78] |
C57BL/6 mice | 20 mg/kg | ALT, AST, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6/17/1β, TGF-β | Inducing Kupffer cells through Th1-type response mediates liver injury | [85] |
BALB/c mice | 10Â mg/kg | LC3-I/II, Casp3, STAT3, MIF, BNIP3 | Inducing STAT3-MIF-BNIP3-mediated autophagy in the hepatoma cells |