Review of potential medical treatments for middle ear cholesteatoma

Table 1 The 13 top drugs most recommended to be investigated in animal models of MEC

Target	Approach	Drug	First approval/stage of trial	Application	Drug type	Ototoxic
TLR4	TLR4 expression	Ibudilast	Phase III	Oral	Small molecule	No
	MD-2-TLR4 antagonist	Taxanes	1995	Oral	Small molecule	No
		Ibudilast	Phase III	Oral	Small molecule	No
	TLR4-signalling	Naloxone	1971	Oral/topic	Small molecule	No
RAGE	RAGE antagonist	Azeliragon	Phase III	Oral	Small molecule	No
TLR4, RAGE, IL-1R, TNFR	BTK inhibitor	Fenebrutinib	Phase III	Oral	Small molecule	No
TLR4 and IL-1R	IRAK inhibitor	PF-06650833	Phase II	Oral	Small molecule	No
TLR4 and TNFR	c-IAP inhibitor	Birinapant	Phase II	Oral	Small molecule	No
TLR4, RAGE, TNFR	Pi3K inhibitor	Duvelisib	2018	Oral	Small molecule	No
Osteolysis/epidermal	Inflammasome	Tranilast	1982	Oral/topic	Small molecule	No
proliferation	Inhibitor	Dapansutrile	Phase II	Oral/topic	Small molecule	No
	IL-1R signalling	Diacerein	2008	Oral/topic	Small molecule	No
	IL-6R signalling	Upadacitinib	2019	Oral	Small molecule	No
	TNF-α signaling	IGURATIMOD	2012	Oral	Small molecule	No

The top drugs were chosen in regard to a fast translation into clinic in accordance with the criteria described in the manuscript

ISSN: 1478-811X