Table1 Characteristics of different exosomal components in cardiovascular diseases
Components | Sources | Target cells | Effects | Signaling pathways | Associated pathologies | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-92a-3p | HUVECs (Human umbilical vein endothelial cells);ECs | ECs; HUVECs; | ECs proliferation, migration and angiogenesis↑; ECs oxidative stress, inflammation and dysfunction↑; HUVECs apoptosis↑proliferation↓; | SIRT6/MAPK; MAPK/NF-κB | Atherosclerosis; Catheter-related thrombosis | |
miR-21-3p | ECs; Macrophages | VSMCs | VSMCs migration and proliferation↑; VSMCs phenotypic conversion↑; ECs pro-inflammatory cytokine levels↑; | AGE/RAGE | Atherosclerosis; Diabetic atherosclerosis | |
miR-663 | VSMCs; PASMCs (Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells); ECs | VSMCs; PASMCs | VSMCs differentiation↑, proliferation and migration↓; PASMCs proliferation, migration and collagen synthesis↓; | JunB/Myl9; TGF-β1/SMAD2/3 | Atherosclerosis; Pulmonary arterial hypertension | |
miR-222 | M1 macrophages; ECs; | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | VSMCs proliferation and migration↑; Cardiac fibrosis↓; Cardiomyocytes proliferation↓ and apoptosis↑ | Wnt/β-catenin; PI3K/AKT | Atherosclerosis; Dilated cardiomyopathy; Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury | |
miR-155-5p | VSMCs Adventitial fibroblasts | VSMCs; HUVECs; | VSMCs proliferation, migration, calcification and invasion↓; HUVECs proliferation, migration and invasion↓; | TGF-β1/Smad2/3 | Atherosclerosis; Vascular calcification | |
LncRNA H19 | HUVECs; VSMCs; | VSMCs | VSMCs osteoblast phenotypic transition↑; HUVECs proliferation↑ apoptosis↓; VSMCs proliferation↓apoptosis↑; | MAPK/NF-κB; WNT/β-catenin | Atherosclerosis; Arterial calcification | |
miR-143/145 | VSMCs; ESCs (Embryonic stem cells); | VSMCs | VSMCs differentiated phenotype↑; | Jag-1/Notch | Atherosclerosis | |
miR-103-3p | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | VSMCs osteoblast phenotypic transition↑; Cardiomyocytes apoptosis↓proliferation↑; | GSK3β/β-catenin; | Vascular calcification; Acute myocardial infarction | |
miR-133a | VSMCs; | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | VSMCs Osteogenic Differentiation↓; Myocardial collagen deposition↓, Myocardial fibrosis↓; | TGF-β1 | Atherosclerosis; Myocardial infarction | |
miR-204/miR-211 | VSMCs | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | Vascular calcification and ageing↓; Cardiac tissues apoptosis level↓; | SIRT1/p53 | Atherosclerosis; Myocardial infarction; | |
miR-34a | ECs; MSCs; | VSMCs; HAECs (Human aortic endothelial cells); MSCs; Cardiomyocytes | ECs growth↑apoptosis↓; MSCs autophagy and apoptosis↑; cell activity↓; | SIRT1/FoxO3a; Wnt/β-catenin | Atherosclerosis; Myocardial infarction; Type 2 diabetes mellitus | |
miR-106a | VSMCs | VSMCs; | VSMCs apoptosis↑ | Foxo1/Vcam1 | Abdominal aortic aneurysm | |
miR-106a-3p | Macrophages | VSMCs; | VSMCs proliferation↑apoptosis↓; | CASP9/Caspase | Atherosclerosis | [67] |
miR-106a-5p | HUVECs; ECs | HUVECs; VSMCs | HUVECs viability↓apoptosis↑; VSMCs proliferation↑; | Foxo1/Vcam1 | Atherosclerosis; Type 2 diabetes mellitus | |
circHIPK3 | Cardiac fibroblasts; Cardiomyocytes | VSMCs; Cardiac fibroblasts; Cardiomyocytes; CMVECs (Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells) | Cardiac fibroblasts proliferation, migration and phenotypic transition↑; Cardiomyocytes proliferation↓apoptosis↑; | PI3K/AKT; miR-29a/IGF-1; miR-106a-5p/Foxo1/Vcam1 | Ischemic heart disease; Myocardial infarction; Ischemia–reperfusion injury | |
miR-125b-5p | VSMCs | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes; Pancreatic β-cells | Cardiomyocytes apoptosis↓; Pancreatic β-cells proliferation↓apoptosis↑; | JNK | Acute myocardial infarction; Type 2 diabetes mellitus | |
circRNA0077930 | HUVECs | VSMCs | VSMCs senescence↑; | / | Diabetes mellitus; Oronary heart disease | [77] |
miR-622 | HUVECs | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | Cardiomyocytes apoptosis and inflammatory reaction↑; | Kras CeRNA | Acute myocardial infarction; | |
miR-155 | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | VSMCs; ECs; THP-1 macrophages; | VSMCs migration and over proliferation↓; Cardiomyocytes apoptosis and cardiac fibrosis↑; | ERK1/2; Nrf2/HO-1 | Atherosclerosis; Diabetic cardiomyopathy | |
miR-147 | MSCs | VSMCs; H9c2 cells; Macrophages | Myocardial inflammation and apoptosis↓; inflammatory response↓; | NF-κB; TGF-β | Abdominal aortic aneurysm; Myocardial infarction; | |
miR-125b | MSCs; BMSCs (Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells); | VSMCs; Ischemia reperfusion myocardium cells; Cardiomyocytes | VSMCs proliferation and migration, neointima formation↓; Ischemia reperfusion myocardium cells viability↑ inflammation and apoptosis↓; Cardiomyocytes apoptosis↓; | P38/Sirtl/P53; Nrf2/HIF-1a | Atherosclerosis; Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury; Acute myocardial infarction | |
miR-29b | HAVICs (Human aortic valve interstitial cells) | VSMCs; Osteoblasts; HUVECs; Cardiomyocytes | HAVICs osteoblastic differentiation and calcification↑; ECs inflammation↓; Myocardial fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy↓; | SPRY1/MAPK; Notch; Wnt3/β-catenin/Smad3 | Atherosclerosis; Myocardial Infarction; Calcific aortic valve diseases | |
miR-128-3p | Atrial fibroblasts; VSMCs | Atrial fibroblasts; VSMCs | Atrial fibroblasts proliferation, collagen production↑; VSMCs proliferation and migration↓; | TGF-β1/Smad; FOXO4/MMP9; | Atrial fibrillation; Atherosclerosis | |
miR-223-3p | Cardiomyocytes; | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes; CMECs (cardiac microvascular endothelial cells) | CMECs apoptosis↓; CMECs migration, proliferation and angiogenesis↓ | PI3K/Akt; RPS6KB1/hif-1a | Ischemic heart diseases; Acute myocardial infarction | |
LncRNA LIPCAR | THP-1 cells; Atrial fibroblasts | VSMCs; HUVECs; Atrial fibroblasts | HUVECs proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and oxidative stress↓; Atrial fibroblasts proliferation↑; | TGF-β/Smad; | Atherosclerosis; Atrial fibrillation | |
miR-221-3p | HUVECs | VSMCs; HUVECs; Cardiomyocytes | HUVECs apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress↓; Cardiomyocyte apoptosis, myocardial injury↓, Inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress↓; | TLR4/NF-κB; NLRP3/ASC/pro-caspase-1 | Atherosclerosis; Coronary heart disease | |
LINC01005 | HUVECs | VSMCs | VSMCs proliferation and migration↑; | / | Atherosclerosis | [75] |
miR-223-5p | Plasma | VSMCs | VSMCs viability↓apoptosis↑; | miR-6515-5p/VCAM1 | Thromboangiitis obliterans; | [69] |
Notch3 | HUVECs | VSMCs | VSMCs calcification and aging↑; | mTOR | Diabetes mellitus; Myocardial infarction | |
miR-150 | EPCs (Endothelial progenitor cells) | VSMCs; EPCs; ECs; | EPCs differentiation and thrombus resolution↑; ECs proliferation, migration↑ vascular remodeling↓ | Akt/FOXO1; NF-κB | Type 2 diabetes; Deep venous thrombosis; Acute coronary syndrome | |
miR-16-5p | Plasma | Cardiomyoblasts; VSMCs | Cardiac cells ER stress and oxidative stress↑ | ATF6 | Intracranial atherosclerotic disease; Dilated cardiomyopathy | |
miR-486-5p | BMSCs | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | Cardiomyocytes apoptosis and growth↓apoptosis↑; | PTEN/PI3K/AKT | Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury; Cyanotic congenital heart disease | |
miR-30c-5p | Ischemia reperfusion myocardial cells; | VSMCs; Macrophages; Ischemia reperfusion myocardial cells; HUVECs | Inflammation and apoptosis↑; Macrophages apoptosis and inflammation↑; HUVECs inflammatory response and apoptosis↓; | NF-κB; Wnt7b/β-catenin | Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury; Atherosclerosis; | |
miR-30e | Cardiomyocytes | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | Cardiac fibrosis↓; Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury↓; Ventricular remodeling↑; | Snai1/TGF-β | Cardiomyopathy; Atherosclerosis; Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury | |
miR-92a | ECs | VSMCs; Cardiomyocytes | VSMCs proliferation and migration↑; Cardiomyocytes apoptosis↓; | NF-κB; ROCK/MLCK | Diabetes mellitus; Atherosclerosis Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury | |
miR-133 | Cardiomyocytes | Cardiomyocytes; VSMCs | Cardiomyocytes apoptosis↓; VSMCs proliferation and migration↓; Phenotypic switch and vascular remodeling↓; | MAPK/ERK; | Myocardial infarction; Atherosclerosis |