Fig. 1

Characterization of polarized macrophages. a Bright-field images showing the morphological appearance of M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. b–d RT-qPCR analysis of the specific macrophage markers expression, such as general marker for macrophages CD68 (b), M1 markers CD40, IL1b and CCL2 (c), M2 markers MRC1, CLEC10a, and CD163 (d). e Fluorescence image of M0, M1, and M2 macrophages immunostained for M1-marker CCR7 (green) and M2-marker CD36 (red). Cell nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst 33,342 (blue). f The quantification of relative fluorescence intensity of CCR7and CD36 by ImageJ. mRNA levels are shown relative to those of M0 macrophage except for CD68, which were set at 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD, N = 3 individual preparations. Statistics were done by one-way ANOVA test with Bonferroni correction. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001