Table 1 Characterization and drug-delivery application of P-EVs

Blueberries

Two EVs types

Spherical or oval

–

–

–

[51]

Oranges

Two EVs types

Spherical or oval

–

–

–

[51]

Carrots

80–200 and 700–1500

Cup-shaped or spherical

Intestinal homeostasis

–

Oral

[11]

Coconut

EVs from milk 30

EVs from water 13

Spherical

–

–

–

[52]

Watermelons

Two EVs types

Spherical or oval

–

–

–

[51]

Sunflower seeds

50–200

Spherical

–

–

–

[37]

Pears

Two EVs types

Spherical or oval

–

–

–

[51]

Soybean

Two EVs types

Spherical or oval

–

–

–

[51]

Tomatoes

100–1000

Spherical or oval

–

–

–

[51]

Arabidopsis leaves

50–300

spherical

–

–

–

[53]

Ginger

100–1000

Cup-shaped or spherical

Intestinal homeostasis

–

Oral

[11]

189–232

Spherical

Ulcerative colitis

siRNA-CD98

Oral

[54]

188

Spherical or GiNVs

Colon cancer

Doxorubicin

Intravenously

[55]

219–292

Cup-shaped or spherical

Colitis-related cancer and Inflammatory bowel disease

–

Oral

[55]

100–1000

Spherical

Liver diseases

–

Oral

[56]

Two EVs types

Spherical or oval

–

–

–

[51]

100–600

–

Periodontitis

–

Oral cavity

[57]

50–150

Spherical

Gut diseases

Oral

[58]

120–150

Spherical

inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activity (Alzheimer)

–

Oral

[10]

Grapes

30–200

Spherical

–

–

–

[8]

200–800

Spherical

DSS induced colitis

–

Oral

–

[9]

500–1000

Cup-shaped or spherical

Intestinal homeostasis

Oral

[11]

Grape fruits

50–100 and 100–1000

Cup-shaped or spherical

Intestinal homeostasis

–

Oral

[11]

105–400

Cup-shaped or spherical

DSS-induced colitis

Methotrexate

Oral

[59]

About 200

spherical

DSS-induced colitis Inflammation

Curcumin and Doxorubicin

Intravenously

[60]

50–800

Cup-shaped or spherical

Cancer

PTX Folic acid

Intravenously

[15]

72.5–102.5

Spherical

Brain tumor

miR-17

Intranasal

[61]

110–120

- GrpfNVs

Liver cancer

siRNA IL-12 and miR-18a

Intravenously

[62]

Two EVs types

Spherical or oval

–

–

–

[51]