Fig. 3
From: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: a novel nanomedicine approach with advantages and challenges
Extracellular cellular (EVs) biogenesis in plant cells. Exosomes biogenesis and trafficking in plant cells mechanistically are similar to those of animal cells. Exosomes are generated from multivesicular bodies (MVB) inside the cell with Tet8Â marker, which is an alternative to CD63 protein of animal exosomes. MVBs may fuse with the plasma membrane to release distinct types of exosomes for intercellular communication (1) or defense against various pathogens infection (2). Furthermore, MVBs may fuse with the vacuoles to form MVBs-Vacuole hydride vesicles that finally fuse with the plasma membrane and exosomes are released into extracellular space (3). It is unknown that whether plant cells contain different types of MVBs with specific exosomes or not. Another subtype of P-EVs has known as the EXPO that formed independently of the MVBs pathway (4)