Table 1 GPCRs signaling inhibits inflammatory diseases
From: Regulatory role of short-chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory diseases | GPCRs | Functions |
|---|---|---|
Inflammatory bowel disease | GPR43 | Promoting the production of IgA, suppressing intestinal inflammation [37, 38] |
Increasing Amphiregulin expression levels in dendritic cells to promote tissue repair [39] | ||
Inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-B activity [40] | ||
GPR41 | Regulating macrophage activity [41] | |
GPR109a | Inhibiting AKT and NF-κB p65 signaling pathways [42] | |
Inhibiting IL-23 production [43] | ||
Improving pathological angiogenesis and inflammatory changes [44] | ||
Diabetic nephropathy | GPR43 | Inhibiting high glucose-induced NF-κB activation and oxidative stress [45] |
GPR43 and GPR109A | Inhibiting inflammation in renal tubular cells and podocytes under hyperglycemic conditions [46] | |
Vascular inflammation | GPR41 and GPR43 | Inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS- or TNFα-stimulated HUVECs [47] |
GPR109A | Playing an anti-atherosclerotic role [48] | |
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | GPR43 | Inhibiting hepatic steatosis [37] |
Rheumatoid arthritis | GPR43 | Significantly inhibiting the expression of key inflammatory factors in rheumatoid arthritis [49] |
Osteoarthritis | GPR43 | Reducing the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory adipokines, and adhesion molecules in chondrocytes [50] |
Chronic rhinosinusitis | GPR41 and GPR43 | Reducing extent of fibrin deposition and growth of nasal polyps [51] |
Alzheimer's disease | GPR41 | Inhibiting the ERK/JNK/NF-κB pathway to exert anti-neuroinflammatory effects [52] |
GPR43 | Promoting amyloid-beta clearance and inhibiting cellular senescence [53] | |
GPR109A | Protecting neurons [54] |