Fig. 1

Palmitate-induced ER stress reduces PGC-1α in human myotubes and mouse skeletal muscle. A Time course of PGC-1α, ATF4 and TRIB3 mRNA levels in human LHCN-M2 myotubes incubated in the presence or absence (control) of 0.5 mM palmitate. B mRNA or C protein levels in human LHCN-M2 myotubes incubated for 16 h in the absence (control) or in the presence of different fatty acids: 0.5 mM palmitate, 0.5 mM oleate or 0.5 mM palmitate supplemented with 0.3 mM oleate. D mRNA levels in LHCN-M2 myotubes incubated for 16 h in the absence (control) or presence of 0.5 mM palmitate and/or 2 mM PBA. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6–12 per group for mRNA and n = 3–6 for proteins). E Protein levels in skeletal muscle of mice fed standard chow or HFD for 3 weeks. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 5 per group). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 versus control. ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01 and ^###p < 0.001 versus palmitate-treated cells