Table 6 Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combination therapy with oncolytic viruses (OVs) (animal study)
From: Tumor immunotherapies by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); the pros and cons
Tumor | Target ICs | OVs type | Main result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Glioma | CTLA-4 PD-1 | IL-12-expressing oHSV | Induction of macrophage influx and M1-like polarization and improving T effector (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) to T regulatory cell ratio | |
Rectal cancer | PD-1 | hTERT-expressing oAd | Tumor regression by recruitment of CTLs | [299] |
Osteosarcoma | PD-1 | hTERT-expressing oAd | Tumor regression by recruitment of CTLs | [299] |
Breast cancer | PD-1 CTLA-4 | Soluble TGFβRIIFc-expressing oAd | Inhibition of tumor growth and lung and liver metastases | [300] |
Lung cancer Breast cancer Melanoma Lymphoma | PD-1 PD-L1 CTLA-4 | GM-CSF-expressing oHSV-1 | Tumor regression and also induction of immunological memory | [300] |
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) | PD-1 | ZIKV | Improved survival of treated animals | [301] |
Rhabdomyosarcoma | PD-1 | oHSV | Amelioration of incidence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but not Treg populations in the tumor | [302] |
Melanoma | PD-L1 | oHSV | Enhancing IFNγ-producing CD8+ TILs Improved survival of treated animals | [303] |
Lung adenocarcinoma | PD-1 | oAd | Inhibition of tumor cell dissemination in a CD8 T-cell-dependent manner | [304] |
Melanoma | PD-1 PD-L1 CTLA-4 | CD40L-expressing oAd | Increasing the systemic level of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, and also promoting the ratio of intratumoral CD8+ T cells to Treg | [245] |
GBM | PD-L1 | CD40L-expressing oAd | Inhibition of tumor development associated with increased survival | [305] |
Prostate cancer | PD-1 | oAd | Induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in mice | [306] |
Melanoma | PD-1 | oAd | Delayed tumor growth leading to the boosted survival of treated animal | [307] |
Melanoma | PD-1 | Reovirus | Enhanced capacity of NK cells to eliminate reovirus-infected tumor cells, abridged Treg activity and augmented the CD8+ T-cell-mediated antitumor response | [308] |
GBM | PD-1 | Reovirus | Improving the expression of IFN-regulated gene expression, as well as the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in tumors | [309] |
GBM | PD-1 CTLA-4 | HIF-2α, Sox-10, c-Myc, and TRP1-expressing VSV | Restoring the antitumor Th1 interferon-γ and Th17 T cell responses | [310] |
Melanoma | PD-L1 | MV | Inducing tumor remission | [311] |
GBM | PD-1 | EGFR-expressing MV | Improved inflammatory cell influx into the brains of treated mice Enhanced overall survival in treated animal | [312] |