Fig. 2
From: Tumor immunotherapies by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); the pros and cons
The inhibitory effects of the PD-1/PD-L interactions on T cell anti-tumor activities. PD-L1 expressed on APCs or tumor cells following interaction with PD-1 dysregulated on the surface of activated T cell limits self-reactive T cell proliferation and cytokine production as a result of activation of SHP2, which down-regulates PI3K/AKT axis. Programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1), Programmed death-ligand 1 and 2 (PD-L1, PD-L2), Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), SH2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2), Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), T cell receptor (TCR), Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII), Interleukin-2 (IL-2)