Fig. 4

PPARγ agonists increase the level of UDP-GlcNAc and subsequent N-glycan branching during Treg differentiation. a The process of hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and the N-glycan biosynthesis was shown. b–d The naïve CD4⁺ T cells were prepared and treated with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence or absence of TGF-β (5 ng/mL), rosiglitazone (10, 30 μM), 15d-PGJ2 (3, 10 μM) as well as morin (10, 30 μM) for 48 h. The intracellular level of UDP-GlcNAc was detected (b), the level of N-linked glycosylation was examined by flow cytometry using FITC-L-PHA (c), and the mRNA expression levels of Mgat1, Mgat2, Mgat4 and Mgat5 (d) were measured by Q-PCR. ^##P < 0.01 versus control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus TGF-β group (model group)