QR code model: a new possibility for GPCR phosphorylation recognition

Table 1 Examples of multiple factors affecting GPCR phosphorylation recognition

Ligand	GPCR	GRK	Arrestin	Sites	Function	References
ISO	β₂-AR	GRK2	β-arrestin2	T360, S364, S396, S401, S407, S411	Receptor desensitization and internalization; ERK activation	[79]
ISO	β₂-AR	GRK6	β-arrestin2	S355, S356		[79]
Angiotensin II	AT1R	GRK2/ GRK3	β-arrestin	–	Receptor internalization	[78]
Angiotensin II	AT1R	GRK5/ GRK6	β-arrestin	–	ERK activation	[78]
Arginine-vasopressin	V₂R	–	β-arrestin2	S357	Receptor trafficking	[30]
				S362, S363	Receptor trafficking; ERK activation
				T360	Receptor trafficking; ERK activation
Dopamine	D2 dopamine receptor	GRK2/ GRK3	β-arrestin	S285, S286, T287, S288, T293, S311, S317, S321	Receptor trafficking and recycling	[128]
Carbachol	m2 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors	GRK2	β-arrestin	Cluster S286-S290	Receptor internalization	[129,130,131]
Carbachol	m2 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors	GRK2	β-arrestin	Cluster T307-S311	Receptor desensitization and internalization	[129,130,131]
Carbachol	m3 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors	GRK2	–	Cluster S331-S333, Cluster S348-S351	Receptor internalization	[132]
Methacholine	m3 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors	–	β-arrestin	S384	Receptor internalization	[133]

ISSN: 1478-811X