Table 2 Diagnostic and prognostic value of granules in ischemic heart disease

MPO diagnostic value

Chest pain patients

1. MPO was a more efficient marker than CK-MB and cTn I within 0–6 h after the onset of AMI

2. A combination of MPO, CK-MB, and Tn I could discriminate 91% of the AMI patients as high as a specificity of 76%

[40]

MI patients

MPO as a valid test detection of MI yielded a specificity of 0.85

[41]

AMI patients

1. MPO levels increased in patients finally diagnosed with AMI even when Tn I exhibited a negative result at an early stage

2. MPO is more efficient than Tn I in AMI patients with a symptom onset of less than 2 h

[43]

Chest pain patients

Patients with a negative test by a higher sTn I assay, the value of MPO was most notable

[44]

Chest pain patients

1. MPO was inferior to the highly sensitive TnI in predicting AMI at 3 h and 6 h after admission of patients with chest pain

2. Both of the sensitivity and specificity were lower

3. MPO failed to provide incremental information when added to sTNI

[45]

MPO prognosis value

ACS patients

MPO and Tn I were markedly associated with adverse cardiovascular events during hospitalization

[41]

MI patients

Higher MPO prospectively forecasts the outcome of MACE

[42]

ACS patients

MPO exhibited a strong prognosis value for MACE in serial sensitive cTnI negative patients

[44]

ACS patients

MPO was a predictive marker of increased risk of adverse events and mortality at 30 days and 6-month

[45]

AMI patients

Higher MPO predicted adverse cardiac outcome and lower ejection fraction

[46, 47]

AMI patients

MPO is a risk factor for long-term mortality

[48]

MI patients

MPO was an independent predictor of 6-month mortality and major adverse cardiac events

[49]

STEMI patients

Plasma MPO levels are correlated with plaque erosion

[50]

AMI patients

1. A high MPO level associated with more severe MO and IS

2. Higher MPO in the culprit artery indicated an exacerbated cardiac remodeling and infarct area at 6 months

[51]

ACS patients

1. Plasma MPO was significantly higher in STEMI patients than in NSTE-ACS patients

2. MPO failed to predict the short-term or long-term outcomes

[52]

Azurocidin diagnostic value

STEMI patients

1. Azurocidin levels were significantly upregulated

2. Azurocidin was closely associated with thrombolysis

3. Azurocidin might be necessary for patients with STEMI

[71]

NGAL diagnostic value

Post-MI patients

1. Plasma NGAL levels in STEMI patients were higher than those in the stable angina pectoris patients and control subjects

2. Plasma NGAL showed a better ability in discriminating severe coronary disease than MMP-9, hs-CRP, and IL-1β

[85]

MI patients

1. Plasma NGAL levels were markedly higher in death patients with STEMI than survivors

2. Plasma NGAL levels were increased in patients with acute and chronic heart failure as a complication of MI

[86]

NGAL prognosis value

MI patients

Higher baseline NGAL and a more significant increase in serum NGAL level were correlated with lower 6-month LV ejection fraction recovery

[76]

AMI patients

1. Plasma NGAL level was significantly higher in death patients than in survived patients of AMI

2. Predict cardiovascular mortality in STEMI patients

[86]

STEMI patients

1. Plasm NGAL on day 12 could predict combined adverse outcomes

2. A marker of MI severity

[87]

STEMI patients

Plasm NGAL level of more than 1.25 ng/mL on the 12th–14th day was associated with a higher risk of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death or any cardiovascular complication

[88]

ACS patients

NGAL concentration could predict long-term mortality

[89]

STEMI patients

Plasm NGAL level above 2.6 ng/ml on day 12 after onsetting STEMI was related to a fourfold increase of all-cause mortality

[90]

STEMI patients

STEMI patients in the higher NGAL group presented greater risk of MACEs and all-cause mortality

[91]

Cathelicidin diagnostic value

Patients or MI mice

1. CRAMP was reduced from I/R mice and oxygen glucose treated cardiomyocytes

2. CRAMP was significantly reduced in MI patients

[97]

I/R mice

CRAMP might be detrimental in ischemia-associated cardiovascular disease

[102]

MMP8 prognosis value

AMI patients

1. MMP-8 and MMP9 have a significant positive correlation with malignant cardiac remodeling and left end-diastolic volume post-MI

2. MMP8 presented a significant association with adverse cardiovascular death or hospitalization

[104]

AMI patients

The plasma MMP-8 level was still higher in MI patients during 20 ± 3 months follow-up

[108]

MMP9 diagnostic value

MI patients

The higher early level of MMP9 was associated with worsened left remodeling

[116]

MI rats

1. MMP-9 accumulated in the damaged rat myocardium after an ischemic injury

[117]

MI mice

Transgenic overexpression of MMP-9 specifically in macrophages could significantly restrict extracellular matrix synthesis and attenuate MI-induced left ventricular function

[118]

AMI patients

1. MMP-9 serum activity is increased in AMI, but markedly suppressed in cardiogenic shock

2. Maintaining MMP-9 activity could be a therapeutic target to limit Receptor for advanced glycation end products-induced deleterious inflammation in cardiogenic shock

[119]

STEMI patients

The MMP-9 expression might indicate the early clinical presentation in STMI patients

[120]

STEMI patients

MMP-9 is considered a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of acute STEMI

[121]

AMI patients

MMP-9 could discriminate AMI patients from healthy subjects with a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of 0.81 and with diagnostic cut-off points of 690.066 ng/mL

[123]

AMI patients

The serum level of MMP-9 was associated with the risk of suffering AMI, and MMP-9 polymorphism and its level might be useful clinical biomarkers for predicting the outcome of AMI

[123]

Arginase

MI patients

1. Arginase concentrations be significantly up-regulated in MI patients

2. The increased arginase in MI patients was markedly negatively associated with left ventricular ejection fraction

[136]