Table 3 Paracrine effects of MSCs on HSCs and different leukemic cells
Type of molecule released by MSC | Target | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Wnt | HSCs | Quiescence | [81] |
IL-6, IL-11, SCF, TPO, Flt-3 ligand, CXCL12, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and M-CSF | HSCs | Ensures hematopoiesis | [82] |
Wnt | HSCs | Downregulates kit ligand, angiopoietin-1, CXCL12, and VCAM-1 | [82] |
Wnt ligands | LSCs | Proliferation | |
Wnt ligands | LSCs | Counteracted by BMP anti-growth signals | [66] |
Interferon‐β (IFN‐β) | Erythroleukemic cells | Anti‐tumorigenic, negative regulation of Wnt/β‐catenin | [67] |
Dickkopf‐1 (DKK‐1) | MM cells | Negative regulation of Wnt, development of disease into a bone lytic phase | |
↑CD40/40L, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, LFA-3, HO-1, IL-6, VEGF, and ↓ IL-10 | MM cells/ endothelial cells | MM cell survival, disease progression, drug resistance, pro-angiogenic profile | |
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) protein | Different types of leukemic cells | CXCL1 and IL-6 production, leukemogenesis | [73] |
IL-6 | CML cells | Shelters CML cells from imatinib induced apoptosis | [74] |
IL-6 | Diffuse large B cell lymphoma | Chemoresistance, ↑IL-17A level | [75] |
PDGF | CLL cells | Making an angiogenic switch, protective activities against cytotoxic effects of Forodesine | |
SDF-1, BAFF, TGF-β | CLL cells | B-cell proliferation, IgG production | [78] |
VEGF, HIF-1, HGF | CLL cells | Proangiogenic profile, CLL cell survival, resistance to rituximab/alemtuzumab | [71] |