Phosphatases in toll-like receptors signaling: the unfairly-forgotten

Table 3 TLR responses in different phosphatase knockout mouse models

	Mouse models	Challenge	Readout	Effects	References
Ptp1b^−/−	C57BL/6 Total KO	LPS, zymosan	Serum TNF-α	↑	[77]
		CpG	Lung IFN I		[78]
Ptpn22^−/−	C57BL/6 Total KO	LCM Virus	Serum IFN-α/β	↓	[84]
	Arthritis	Poly I:C
Ptpn11^−/− (Shp-2)	C57BL/6 Podocyte-specific KO	LPS	Il-1β, Il-6 and Tnfα levels in kidneys		[99]
Dusp1^−/−	C57BL/6 Total KO	LPS	IL-6 and TNF-α levels in serum	↑	[122]
Dusp4^−/−		Leishmania mexicana	IFN-γ levels in serum	↓	[110]
Dusp16^−/−	Radiation chimeras	LPS	IL-6 and IL-12 levels in serum	↑	[109]
Ppp2ca^−/− (Pp2a)	C57BL/6 Myeloid-specific KO	LPS, E. coli	IL-6 and TNF-α levels in serum		[131]
		LPS	IFN-β levels in serum
Wip1^−/−	C57BL/6 Total KO	LPS	Il1-β and Il-6 levels in splenocytes		[119]

C57BL/6, C57 Black 6 mouse genetic background; CpG, Cytidine-phosphate-Guanosine oligonucleotides (TLR9 ligand); DUSP, DUal-Specificity Phosphatase; E. coli, Escherichia coli; IFN-α/β, Interferon α/β; IFN-β, Interferon-β; IFN-γ, Interferon-γ; IFN I, Interferon type I; Il-1b, Interleukin-1 β; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IL-12, Interleukin 12; KO, Knockout; LCM Virus, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus; LPS, Lipopolysaccharides (TLR4 ligand); Poly I:C, Poly-Inosinic:Poly-Cytidylic acid (TLR3 ligand); PP2A, Protein phosphatase 2 a; Ptp1b, Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b; Ptpn, Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type; SHP-2, Src Homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; Wip1, Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1; Zymosan, TLR2 ligand

ISSN: 1478-811X