Table 1 Selected probiotic preparations that have been investigated to treat various diseases

Colorectal cancer

Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus

2 × 10⁹ CFU (colony-forming units)

12 weeks

Enhance bowel signs and QOL

Human

28

[28]

Gastric cancer

Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus

> 10⁶ CFU/tablet

6–7 days

Improve immune response and decrease severity of inflammation

Human

50

[29]

Colorectal cancer

Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. lactis,

Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis

3 × 10¹⁰ CFU

8 weeks

Improve QOL, decrease inflammatory biomarkers, reduce side effects of chemotherapy

Human

70

[30]

Colorectal cancer

Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei. L. lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis

3 × 10¹⁰ CFU

1 week

Accelerate return of normal gut function

Human

20

[31]

Asthma

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

(LGG)

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

6 months

Enhance T-regulatory induction

Human

10

[32]

Eczema and Asthma

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

6 months

Prevent the eczema or asthma development

Human

92

[33]

Seasonal allergic rhinitis and Intermittent asthma

Bifidobacterium spp (B. longum BB536,

B. infantis M-63, B. breve M-16V)

3 × 10⁹ CFU,

1 × 10⁹ CFU and 1 × 10⁹ CFU

4 weeks

Enhance AR and QOL

Human

40

[34]

Atopic

Bifidobacterium bifidumW23, Bifi-dobacterium lactisW52 and Lactococcus Lactis W58

3 × 10⁹ CFU

6 years

Minor impact on gut microbiota composition

Human

99

[35]

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus

3 × 10⁹ CFU

At least 10 days

Decreased frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates

Human

52

[36]

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus

1 × 10⁸ CFU and 1 × 10⁹ CFU

3 years

No significant effects

Human

332

[37]

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum

1 × 10⁹CFU and 1 × 10⁹ CFU

8 month

No significant effects

Human

31

[38]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14

1 × 10³ CFU

and 2 × 10⁷ CFU

30 days

Anti-inflammatory effects

Human

8

[39]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12

1 × 10⁶ CFU

8 weeks

Enhanced intestinal function

Human

105

[40]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus

GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14

2 × 10⁹ CFU

4 month

No significant effects

Human

14

[41]

Rheumatoid arthritis

Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum

6 × 10⁹ CFU

8 weeks

Therapeutic effects

Human

30

[42]

Rheumatoid arthritis

Lactobacillus casei 01

1 × 10⁸ CFU

8 weeks

Reduced disease activity and inflammatory status

Human

22

[43]

Atopic dermatitis

Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR)

NA

8 weeks

Reduce signs of atopic dermatitis

Human

30

[44]

Atopic dermatitis

Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

12 weeks

Therapeutic effects

Human

12

[45]

Atopic dermatitis (AD)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 (Bb-12), d L. acidophilus La-5 (La-5)

5 × 10¹⁰ CFU,5 × 10¹⁰ CFU and 5 × 10⁹ CFU

2 years

Decreased proportion of Th22 cells.

Human

68

[46]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., L. lactis, and Streptococcus thermophilus

8 × 10⁹ CFU

16 weeks

Significantly improvement in IBS symptoms well tolerance

Human

181

[47]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, L. casei LBC80R, L. rhamnosus CLR2

5 × 10¹⁰ CFU

12 weeks

Improved stool consistency and frequency, QOL, and IBS symptoms

Human

76

[48]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Bifidobacterium longum (BL)

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

6 weeks

Decreased depression

Human

18

[49]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Lactobacillus brevis KB290

1 × 10⁹ CFU

12 weeks

Improved symptoms and inflammatory status

Human

20

[50]

Gastroenteritis

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

5 days

No significant effects

Human

468

[51]

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG)

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU (twice a day)

5 days

-

Human

-

[52]

Gastroenteritis

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

4 weeks

Immuno-modulatory effects

Human

65

[53]

Eczema

Lactobacillus salivarius CUL61, L. paracasei

CUL08, Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis CUL34 and B. bifidum CUL20

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

2 years

Prevent eczema

Human

187

[54]

Eczema

Bifidobacterium longum (BL999) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LPR)

NA

5 years

No significant effects

Human

124

[55]

Allergic rhinitis

Bifidobacterium lactis NCC 2818

4 × 10⁹ CFU

8 weeks

Improved immune parameters and allergic symptoms

Human

10

[56]

Allergic rhinitis

Lactobacillus paracasei LP-33

2 × 10⁹ CFU

5 weeks

Enhanced QOL

Human

179

[57]

Allergic rhinitis

Lactobacillus paracasei HF.A00232 (LP)

5 × 10⁹ CFU

8 weeks

No significant effects

Human

32

[58]

Celiac disease

Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347

1 × 10⁹ CFU

3 months

Enhanced health status

Human

17

[59]

Celiac disease

Bifidobacterium infantis

2 × 10⁹ CFU

3 weeks

-

Human

12

[60]

Celiac disease

Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B632

1 × 10⁹ CFU

3 month

Reduced TNF-α levels

Human

22

[61]

Obesity

Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS)

≥ 4 × 10¹⁰ CFU

6 months

Decreased body weight and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration

Human

12

[62]

Obesity

Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LPR)

1.6 × 10⁸ CFU

12 weeks

Improve fasting fullness and cognitive restraint in men

Human

62

[63]

Obesity

Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601, L. plantarum KY1032

5 × 10⁹ CFU

12 weeks

Induced weight loss and decreased adiposity .

Human

32

[64]

Type I diabetes and Type II diabetes

Lactobacillus acidophilus ZT-L1, Bifidobacterium bifidum ZT-B1, L.

reuteri ZT-Lre, L. fermentum ZT-L3

8 × 10⁹ CFU

12 weeks

Beneficial effects on glycemic control and markers of cardio-metabolic risk.

Human

30

[65]

Type II diabetes

Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, B. lactis W52, L. acidophilus W37, L.

brevis W63, L. casei W56, L. salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19 and L.s lactis W58

2.5 × 10⁹ CFU

12 weeks

Enhanced HOMA-IR

Human

39

[66]

Type II diabetes

Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938

1 × 10⁸  CFU

12 weeks

No significant effects

Human

30

[67]

Type II diabetes

concentrated biomass of 14 probiotic bacteria genera

Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Propionibacterium

Lactobacillus + Lactococcus

(6 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g), Bifidobacterium

(1 × 10¹⁰/g), Propionibacterium (3 × 10¹⁰/g) and Acetobacter

(1 × 10⁶/g)

8 weeks

Reversed insulin resistance

Human

31

[68]

Type II diabetes

Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12

1 × 10⁹ CFU

6 weeks

Enhanced glycemic control in T2D patients, however, the intake of fermented milk seems to be involved with other metabolic changes, such as reduced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and resistin) .

Human

23

[69]

HIV

Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS)

6.5 × 10⁸ CFU

8 weeks

Immunological and virological effects

Human

20

[70]

HIV

Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium

breve, L. paracasei,

L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus,

L. acidophilus,

B. longum,

B. infantis

1.8 × 10¹² CFU

6 months

Beneficial effects on the reconstitution of physical and immunological integrity of the mucosal intestinal barrier

Human

10

[71]

HIV

Saccharomyces boulardii

NA

12 weeks

Therapeutic effects

Human

22

[72]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

a mixture of eight probiotic strains (Streptococcus thermophilus, bifidobacteria SPP., Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus)

NA

4 month

Reduced body mass index (BMI) in probiotic supplemented children

Human

22

[73]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Lactobacillus acidophilus La5

and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12

6.46 × 10⁶ and 4.97 × 10⁶ CFU/g

8 weeks

Improved

hepatic enzymes, serum total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels

Human

36

[74]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Lactobacillus

casei, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, and Streptococcus

thermophilus.

Lactobacillus casei

(3 × 10⁹ CFU/g), Lactobacillus acidophilus

(3 × 10¹⁰ CFU/

g), Lactobacillus rhamnosus

(7 × 10⁹ CFU/g), Lactobacillus bulgaricus

(5 × 10⁸ CFU/g), Bifidobacterium breve (2 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g), Bifidobacterium longum (1 × 10⁹ CFU/g), and Streptococcus

thermophilus

(3 × 10⁸ CFU/g).

8 weeks

Reduced insulin requirement, reversed insulin resistance, TNF-α, and IL-6

Human

21

[75]

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Lactobacillus casei, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaris,

Bifidobacterium longum, and Streptococcus thermophilus

1 × 10⁸ CFU

12 weeks

Reduced body mass index (BMI) and serum cholesterol

Human

38

[76]

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Lactobacillus plantarum, L. deslbrueckii, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum

2 × 10⁸ CFU

6 months

No changes in body mass index, waist circumference, glucose or lipid levels but decreased liver fat and aspartate transaminase (AST) level

Human

10

[77]

Urinary Tract Infections

Lactobacillus crispatus GAI 98322

1 × 10⁸ CFU

1 year

Prevent recurrence of UTI

Human

9

[78]

Urinary Tract Infections

Lactobacillus crispatus

1 × 10⁸ CFU

10 weeks

Less recurrence of UTI

Human

43

[79]

Urinary Tract Infections

Lactobacillus GG

6 × 10⁹ CFU

1 week

Decreased incidence of UTIs, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis

Human

295

[80]

Urinary Tract Infections

Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05

5 × 10⁸ CFU

5 days

Minimal side effects

Human

15

[81]

Vaccine Adjuvants

Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei and L. salivarius

2 × 10¹⁰ CFU

3 weeks

Faster immune response. Specific probiotics may be adjuvants to humoral immune response following oral vaccination

Human

63

[82]

Vaccine Adjuvants

Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

4 weeks

Potentiated the immunologic response and improved systemic protection from infection

Human

25

[83]

Vaccine Adjuvants

Lactobacillus GG

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

4 weeks

Improved influenza vaccine immunogenicity

Human

19

[84]

Plaque and carries

Lactobacillus reuteri

1 × 10⁸ CFU

1 years

Decreased caries prevalence and gingivitis score

Human

60

[85]

Plaque and carries

Streptococcus uberis KJ2™, Streptococcus. oralis KJ3™, Streptococcus. rattus JH145

1 × 10⁸ CFU

1 year

Reduced early childhood caries development

Human

54

[86]

Plaque and carries

Lactobacillus brevis CD2

NA

6 weeks

Beneficial effects on variables associated with oral health

Human

91

[87]

Plaque and carries

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12

1 × 10¹⁰ CFU

2 years

No significant effects

Human

32

[88]

Plaque and carries

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis DN-173010

≥ 10⁸ CFU

4 weeks

Effect on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammatory parameters

Human

26

[89]

Oral wounds

A mixture of two probiotic strains, Lactobacilli reuteri DSM 17938 and

ATCC PTA 5289

2 × 10⁸ CFU/mL

1 week

No significant effects

Human

-

[90]

oral lichen planus (OLP)

Lactobacilli reuteri (DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289)

NA

16 weeks

No significant effects

Human

9

[91]

Periodontitis

L. rhamnosus

SP1

2 × 10⁷ CFU

3 month

Clinical and microbiological improvements.

Human

16

[92]

Periodontitis

Lactobacillus reuteri

1 × 10⁸ CFU

3 weeks

Decreased

pro-inflammatory cytokine response and improved clinical parameters

Human

24

[93]

Periodontitis

Lactobacillus reuteri

1 × 10⁸ CFU

12 weeks

Useful adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in chronic periodontitis.

Human

15

[94]

chronic periodontitis (CP)

Lactobacillus Reuteri

NA

3 weeks

Reduced inflammatory markers

Human

15

[95]

Periodontitis

L. rhamnosus SP1

2 × 10⁷ CFU

3 months

Clinical improvement

Human

12

[96]

Gingivitis

Bifidobacterium animalis

≥ 10⁸ CFU

4 weeks

Effects on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation

Human

26

[89]

Gingivitis

Lactobacillus rhamnosus PB01, DSM 14869 and Lactobacillus curvatus EB10, DSM 32307

≤ 10⁸ CFU/tablet

4 weeks

Enhanced gingival health

Human

23

[97]

Gingivitis

Bacillus subtilis,

Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus pumulus as a toothpaste

5 × 10⁷ CFU

8 weeks

No significant effects

Human

20

[98]

Gingivitis

Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus acidilactici

NA

6 weeks

Significant changes in mean gingival index

Human

29

[99]

Pregnancy

Gingivitis

Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938

≥ 10⁸ CFU

7 weeks

Useful adjunct in the control of pregnancy gingivitis

Human

24

[100]

Halitosis

Lactobacillus salivarius WB21

2 × 10⁹ CFU

4 weeks

Improved halitosis

Human

20

[101]

Halitosis

Lactobacillus brevis CD2

NA

2 weeks

No significant effects

Human

10

[102]

Candida infection

Lactobacillus reuteri

1 × 10⁸ CFU

1 month

Decreased incidence of sepsis in addition to improving symptoms and feeding

Human

150

[103]

Candida infection

Lactobacillus fermentum LF10 and L. acidophilus LA02

≥ 4 × 10⁸ CFU

11 weeks

-

Human

57

[104]

Candida infection

Lactobacillus acidophilus, L.

rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and L. delbrueckii

subsp. bulgaricus

NA

Prevented relapse

Human

201

[105]