Fig. 2

YYFZBJS modulates the gut microbiome composition. a Heat map of Genus with relative abundances that are significantly different from their relative abundances at the time of YYFZBJS administration. The differentially enriched bacterial Genus in C57BL/6 J mice receiving N. S and YYFZBJS. The relative abundance between control and treatment mice for the genus was calculated for each time. Blue boxes indicate negative associations (n = 7) and red boxes indicate positive associations (n = 8). b Principle component analysis (PCA) analysis at the genus-level, which was used to study the differences in the composition of bacterial communities in the fecal samples between mice treated with YYFZBJS and the Control group. Samples along PC1 (x-axis) explained 58.11% and PC2 (y-axis) explained 14.7% of variability, respectively. c Bar plot of compositional differences at the genus level in the gut microbiome of mice in the combination YYFZBJS group vs. the control group by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. * 0.01 < P ≤ 0.05, ** 0.001 < P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001, Two-sided Hypotheses. d A stacked bar plot of genus-level phylogenetic classification of 16S rRNA frequencies in stool pellets collected from naive animals (N.S; n = 7), Chinese herb decoction-treated animals (YYFZBJS; n = 8). e Relative fold change of the 10 most abundant bacterial families abundances, which was significantly different between mice treated with YYFZBJS and the Control group. f The gut microbiome has a profound effect on the host immune system, including DCs, naive T cells, Tregs and Th17 cells. The relationship between the five types of bacteria and immune cells is summarized