Table 1 TGFβ and WNT signaling pathways involved in the regulation of cardiac fibrosis
From: TGF-β and WNT signaling pathways in cardiac fibrosis: non-coding RNAs come into focus
Pathway | Function | model | Anti-fibrotic or pro-fibrotic) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) | Decreased β-catenin, phosphorylated GSK-3β, and WNT-1 | MI/rat | Anti | [128] |
WNT10b | Increased Axin2, Lef1 and Tcf7 | Transgenic (TG) WNT10b mice | Anti | [129] |
S100A4 | Decreased β-catenin and phosphorylated β-catenin | LAD /mouse; CFs | Pro | [130] |
WNT3a and WNT5a | Decreased glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) | Human CFs | Pro | [131] |
Qishen Granule (QSG) | Inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and the phosphorylation of GSK-3β | HF/Rat | Anti | [132] |
Xinfuli Granule (XG) | Decreased Smad3, P-Smad3 and Smad2 protein | MI/rat | Anti | [133] |
Human antigen R (HuR) | Increased TGF-β1 | TAC/HuR-deletion mouse | Pro | [134] |
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) | Decreased TGF-β, IL-4 and IL-10 | TAC/mouse | Pro | [135] |
Small molecule inhibitor ICG-001 | Decreases β-Catenin | Ang II infusion/ Cfs Rat | Anti | [136] |
EphrinB2 (erythropoietin-producing hepatoma interactor B2) | Increased TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and STAT3 | Ang II MI/ Mouse | Pro | [137] |