Fig. 4

FOXM1 promotes the initiation and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Hypoxia, elevated growth factor and inflammatory cytokine from endothelial cells induces upregulated expression of FOXM1 in smooth muscle cells, and the increased FOXM1 targets on numerous pathways, such as inhibiting SMC apoptosis and differentiation, increasing SMC DNA repair and proliferation, consequently promoting vascular remodeling of PAH