Fig. 2

Insulin attenuated high-glucose- or palmitate-induced apoptosis and Nodal–ALK7–p-Smad3 expression in Sprague-Dawley rat islet cells. Isolated rat islet cells were treated in serum free medium alone (Control), or with 30 mM glucose (HG) or 0.4 mM palmitate (Pal) for 24 h in the presence or absence of 100 nM insulin. a: Cell lysates were subjected to western blot analysis using relevant antibodies as indicated. b: Bar graphs represent densitometry analysis, data were normalized to control and expressed as mean ± SE. n = 3. **, p < 0.01