Figure 3From: Early cellular signaling responses to axonal injuryActivation of TNFα pathways. A. Detection of TNFα by ELISA in the neural retina. Cytokine levels were determined in three samples at each time point. The level at 6 hr was significantly higher. B-C. Detection of phosphorylated JNK in the neural retina. B. Western blots (upper image) were probed with an anti pJNK antibody. C. ELISA confirmed the change in activation of JNK at 6 hrs after optic nerve injury. Data are normalized to total protein. D-G. Immunohistochemistry of activated JNK in the neural retina. Antibodies to pJNK were used on sections at 0, 30 min, 60 min and 6 hr after optic nerve crush. Increased labeling is evident in the GCL (arrows) at 6 hr.Back to article page