Regulation | Suggested mechanism | Specific examples | References |
---|---|---|---|
Transcriptional regulation | protein-protein interaction | RBM24 directly binds and stabilizes PTEN mRNA Silencing of YTHDC1 decreases PTEN expression and destabilizes PTEN mRNAs | [59] [60] |
 | IncRNA | lncRNA UFC1 binds to EZH2 and mediates its aggregation in the promoter region of the PTEN gene, epigenetically silencing PTEN expression | [61] |
 | miRNA targeting | miR-26a-5p targeting the 5′UTR of PTEN promotes cell proliferation and G1/S transition in RA-FLS | [64] |
 |  | miR-214 activates the AKT signaling pathway by directly targeting PTEN and MIR31HG | [65] |
 |  | miR-3-1p promotes IL-1β-induced chondrocyte pyroptosis by inhibiting PTEN expression | [66] |
 |  | miR-10b promotes RA progression by targeting PTEN to disrupt the balance between CD4 T cell subsets | [67] |
Post-translational modifier | ubiquitination | HRD1, STX3, and GFPT1 promote ubiquitination degradation of PTEN, which promotes cancer cell proliferation in vivo | |
 |  | The ubiquitination of PTEN at lysine position 13 regulates its nuclear localization and suppresses DNA damage in vivo | [73] |
 |  | Ubiquitination at lysine 221 leads to degradation of PTEN and indirectly impairs HR leading to instability of DSB | [74] |
 | phosphorylation | The enhancement of DNA repair processes, mediating resistance to DNA damage, is facilitated by the phosphorylation of PTEN at tyrosine 240 | [75] |
 |  | Phosphorylation of PTEN serine 113 associated with PTEN nuclear translocation and autophagy | [76] |
 |  | The proper activation of the S-phase checkpoint, regulated by PI3K-p27, is contingent upon the phosphorylation of PTEN at position 398 | [77] |
 | acetylation | The interaction of PTEN with proteins containing PDZ structural domains can potentially be regulated by the acetylation of PTEN at the lysine 402 position | [78] |
 | methylation | PTEN methylation promotes FLS inflammation and activation | [83] |
 |  | PTEN hypermethylation promotes angiogenesis in experimental arthritis | [84] |