Fig. 10

Hypothesis of possible IFN-I signaling pathway regulatory mechanism based on our findings in PD. Various toxic metabolites and proteins could increase NFATc2 expression may positively regulate expression of interferon-β and NF-κB, which in turn, enhance IFNs signaling, resulting in unexpected consequences (neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, axonal degeneration, etc.). Images were drawn by Figdraw