Table 1 Aberrant regulation of Rho proteins in cancer.

RhoA

High protein levels,

high signalling activity

Liver [107], skin [108], colon [109], ovarian [110], bladder [111], gastric [112], esophageal squamous cell (SCC) [113], testicular [114], breast [109]

RhoB

Overexpression or

downregulation

Breast (overexpression) [109], lung (downregulation) [151]

RhoC

High protein levels,

high signalling activity

Melanoma metastases [119], breast [121], squamous cell (SCC) [122], pancreas [123], liver [124], ovarian [110], head and neck [120], prostate [126], non-small cell lung (NSCLC) [127], gastric cancer [125]

RhoH

Rearrangement and mutations

(5' UTR)

non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and multiple myeloma [152]

Rac1

High protein levels,

high signalling activity

Testicular, [114]gastric [112], breast [136], squamous cell (SCC) [137]

Rac1B

Alternative splicing

Colon [148]; Breast [136]

Rac2

High protein levels

Head [108] neck squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) [122]

Rac3

Hyperactive or overexpression

Breast [22]