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Fig. 2 | Cell Communication and Signaling

Fig. 2

From: A review on exosomes application in clinical trials: perspective, questions, and challenges

Fig. 2

Clinical application of exosomes. In clinical trials, exosomes are being used as biomarkers, cell-free therapy (exosome-therapy), drug delivery system, and cancer vaccine. Exosomes from plant cells, mesenchymal cells, T cells, and dendritic cells are used for the treatment of different diseases. In addition, exosomes from these sources are promising carriers for drug delivery systems. In the direct method, exosomes are loaded with therapeutic agents, while through indirect methods, proper cells are genetically engineered or co-cultured with therapeutic agents to produce artificial exosomes

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