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Fig. 1 | Cell Communication and Signaling

Fig. 1

From: A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Fig. 1

The innate and acquired immune responses against COVID-19. In the natural immune system, dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and the production of Type 1 interferons come across against the COVID-19 virus. On the other hand, in the adaptive immune system, B cells produce antibodies and T cells by differentiating to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) or helper T cells (CD4+) interacting with the COVID-19 infection. pTLs (primary cytotoxic T lymphocytes) are activated by binding to MHC-1 on infected cells, differentiate to effector CTL and lysis infected cells by producing perforin and Granzyme. Besides, T helper (Th) 1 cell can induce differentiation of pCTL to effector CTL by producing IL-2, IL-12, TGF-β, and IFN-γ, as well as Th2 cells, help B cells to produce antibodies by secreting IL-4, 5, 6, 10, and TGF-β

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