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Fig. 2 | Cell Communication and Signaling

Fig. 2

From: Extracellular vesicle PD-L1 in reshaping tumor immune microenvironment: biological function and potential therapy strategies

Fig. 2

Abbreviated drawing of the formation process of EV-PD-L1 and its direct and indirect inhibitory effects against T cells. ① The process of Exo-PD-L1 production. ②Microvesicles produced by budding can also carry PD-L1. ③ PD-L1 present on the surface of exosomes secreted by tumor cells directly binds to PD-1 on T cells, inducing an immune checkpoint response that inhibits the activation of T cells and disrupts their function, thus inhibiting antitumor immunity. ④ Exosomes released by tumor cells can mediate the increase of PD-L1 expression on the surface of macrophages, neutrophils or monocytes, and then combine with PD-1 on the surface of T cells to inhibit T cells. ⑤ IFN-γ secreted by T cells can promote the expression of PD-L1 on the surface of tumor cells and exosomes

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Cell Communication and Signaling

ISSN: 1478-811X