Table 1 Potential exosomes biomarkers of PaCa

CD44v6

Enhance migration and invasion

Activate Wnt/β-Catenin pathway and increase PAI-1, MMP and TIM-1

[44, 95, 96]

Tspan8

Promote signaling, apoptosis-resistance, angiogenesis, EMT, motility and invasion

Increase expression of chemokine and receptor

[44, 97]

MIF

Promote the formation of the liver pre-metastatic niche

Up-regulate TGF-β expression, KC and HSC activation and induce fibronectin secretion

[32]

Clandin7

Promote migration and invasion

Increase pAkt/Bcl-2/Bcl-XL/MDR1, promote matrix degradation, and reprogram SC and HPC

[48]

Lin28B

Promote the recruitment of PSC

Activate Lin28B/let-7/HMGA2 /PDGFB axis

[52]

GPC1

Inform pancreas cancer burden

Carry mutant Kras mRNA and HS modifications

[98,99,100]

C1QBP

HSC activation and liver fibrosis

Induce phosphorylation of the IGF-1 signaling molecule

[97]

Plectin

Induce migration, proliferation and invasion

Not mentioned

[80]

miR-1246

Promote PSC proliferation and pancreatic fibrosis

Induce Akt/ERK activation and increase α-SMA and procollagen type I C-peptide

[51, 97, 101]

miR-301a-3p

Promote metastasis and EMT

Mediate M2 macrophage polarization via PTEN/PI3Kγ

[102]

SRSF1

Regulate exosome microRNA enrichment

Direct binding to miR-1246 sequence

[86]

lnc-Sox2ot

Promote EMT and stem cell like properties

Bind to the miR-200 family

[101]

ITGs

Promote tumor-specific metastasis

Promote adhesion and activate genes

[33]

AEP

Enhance invasion and promote metastasis

Regulate activation of PI3K/AKT signaling

[102]

CKAP4

Proliferation and migration of PDAC cells

DKK1-dependent endocytosis routes

[103]